AI_Answer Programming paradigms are about how code is written, each offering a unique way of thinking about and organizing programs. They guide how problems are broken down, how logic is structured, and how data flows through the system.
Imperative programming
Main idea: tell the computer HOW to do things step by step Key concepts: sequence of commands that change program state.
x = 5
y = 10
result = x + y
print(result)
Declarative programming
Main Idea: tell the computer WHAT you want, not how to do it. Key Concept: You define rules or properties, and the system figures out how to get results.
SELECT name FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR';Procedural programming
Subtype of Imperative: Focuses on procedures (functions) to organize code. Key Concept: Group instructions into reusable blocks (functions).
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}Object-oriented programming
Main Idea: Model the world as “objects” with properties and behaviours. Key Concepts:
- Class: A blueprint for objects.
- Object: An instance of a class.
- Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism
Functional programming
Main Idea: Avoid changing state and mutable data. Focus on pure functions. Key Concepts:
- Functions are first-class citizens
- Immutability
- No side effects
Event-driven programming
Main Idea: Program responds to events (like mouse clicks or messages). Common in: GUI programming or web dev.
button.addEventListener('click', function() {
alert('Button clicked!');
});Reactive programming
Main Idea: Build systems that react to changes (like user input, data streams, or events) asynchronously and in real-time.
Key Concepts:
- It’s about responding to data changes and events over time — think data streams and propagation of change.
- You define what to do when something changes, not how to manually poll or check for updates.
- Overlap with functional and event-driven programming.
- Event-Driven Programming: They both respond to events, but reactive programming treats events as data streams, with operators to combine, filter, and transform them.
- Functional Programming: Reactive programming often uses pure functions, immutability, and functional composition, especially in libraries like RxJS.